The War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The War on Drugs - Essay Example In response to this, the initiative on war on drugs is significant in many countries, and many are working so diligently to ensure they fight illegal drugs. For instance, Canada has worked hard to issue policies on war on drugs. In 2001, Canadian Court of appeal issued a drug law disapproving the use of marijuana for medical purposes. Furthermore, it was realized that, the use of marijuana could lead to health problems, hence it was vital to fight its use. The war on drugs continues to be a contentious issue. There are those opposing, and others proposing. In this context, most states are working diligently to ensure that they fight the use of illegal drugs. In facts, the United States has the highest number of drug dealers. Most people are jailed for drugs correlated crimes. As a result, this has been a waking call for the American government to impose laws for the war on drugs. The major focus of war on drugs is to keep off most people particularly young people from using illegal drugs. As discussed previously, the war on drugs has been a controversial and ongoing debate globally. Nevertheless, most countries have implemented laws to prevent drug abuse. Categorically, this paper has discussed the subject; the war on drugs. In great insight, the essay has outlined how various countries have implemented polices that prohibit illegal drugs usage. Often, the war on drugs has been to prevent health effects, crime, and corruption. When prohibition of illegal drug is in effect, it prevents many from abusing drugs. With this in mind, implementing drug laws is exceptional in the War on

Reading Aloud Essay Example for Free

Reading Aloud Essay 1. 0 Introduction More than half of our lives today concern about reading ability. Through reading people are being introduce to values and knowledge. People usually read to get a job, as a hobby or to fulfill their dream. Reading always intertwine with literacy and the experiences that one felt via reading often different with each other. Different people have different understanding on text read. Reading materials can be magazines, newspapers, books, research articles, journals and other written form of texts. As long as people can write there will be always a text to read. Moreover, one academic skill that is especially important for school success is reading proficiency (Bernhardt, 2005). For children to succeed academically it is essential that they develop the foundational reading skills that will allow them to obtain knowledge fluidly through text and increased opportunities for learning (Joseph, 2006). Thus, reading proficiency is a fundamental skill which will help students to engage with new input or knowledge. However not all proficient readers have the ability to read fluently. According to Hudson (2009), reading proficiency constitutes of reading for fluency and reading for comprehension: reading for fluency deals with the accurate reading behavior which deals with reading with correct pronunciation. Whereas reading for comprehension deals with reading for understanding a text. Reading fluency is the most important component in reading skills and the numbers of students who can acquire a good reading fluency is not great (Schatschneider, 2006). Most curriculum in schools assumes that all students are literate and they can accumulate knowledge via reading (Rasinski Hoffman, 2003). However not all readers can read a passage fluently even though they can comprehend the passage well (Baker, Smolkowski, Katz, Fien, Seeley, Kame’enui, et al. , 2008). Hence, for years reading fluency was the forgotten stepchild of the reading curriculum because teachers and reading scholars were more interested in moving students as quickly as possible into silent reading, not the level of expressiveness in oral reading (Rasinski et al., 2008). Profoundly according to Elena Lilles et al. (2008) if students struggle with reading fluency, they will consequently struggle with other academic areas. Serious reading fluency problems in school limits success in most academic tasks and promote academic exclusion from intellectually rewarding and challenging educational opportunities (Entwisle, Alexander Olson, 2004). Ellen, Ramp, Anderson Martin, (2007) ask if students capable of comprehending a passage, will they also capable to read the same passage with correct pronunciation? They also explain that if the students can achieve a good level in comprehending a text in English, it does not guarantee that the students can acquire an efficient level in oral reading. As a consequence, students will face problems in using English language orally as medium of communicative language in society. However, students who are struggling to read can be helped through monitoring their oral reading fluency through a suitable reading approach (Schatschneider, 2006). Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, (2005) has come out with several reading approach. There are 1)reading aloud, where the students need to read aloud a passage given several time before being evaluate by teachers, 2) phrase drill error correction, where the error words are being repeated until the students acquire the phonic sound, 3) performance feedback, where the students need to give feedback on passage that they have read. 4) Listening while reading, where the students need to read the passage aloud in the class and the students who are listening will learn how to pronounce certain words. 5) Folding in flashcard instruction, where the students learn to pronounce a word through flash cards. In conclusion, students should be able to acquire reading proficiency both in fluency and comprehending a reading text. The consequences of lack in reading proficiency could affect their academic performance. As solution reading habits should be implement in school. Students should practice reading in order to prevent them from being a struggle readers. Students who can comprehend a reading text does not mean that they can read the text fluently with correct pronunciation. Reading problem especially in reading fluency can be improved through appropriate intervention which seem to be suitable with the students. Thus, students’ weaknesses in reading a text should be identified in order to enhance their reading proficiency especially in reading fluency 1. 1 Background of the study Malaysia is characterised by a multilingual society where its population is made up of people who come from various ethnic and linguistic backgrounds (Harison, 2010). Thus, Malaysia has different kind of races that use different kind of languages. Malay students will use Malay language to communicate, the Indian students will use Tamil language and the Chinese students will use Mandarin language. Most of the time they will read books that related to their languages because of the need to enhance their reading on their mother tongue (Abdul Rashid, Chew Muhammad Kamarul, 2006). Hence, due to this matter, reading in English might being neglected or being less focused in school. When teacher conducting an oral test to our students, the interference of their mother tongue occurs and that made our students become a struggle reader (Siti Norliana, Roszainora Muthusamy, 2009). Most of the reading activities in Malaysian Secondary Schools focus on understanding a comprehension text which later the knowledge that they comprehend will be used to answer the questions given (KBSM, 2001). Therefore, secondary students reading skills was not optimally being explored. Teachers will ask several students to read aloud and most of the time will be silent reading. Indeed, the students only built their knowledge but they cannot read fluently which most of them having problem related to reading fluency (Siti Norliana, Roszainora Muthusamy, 2009). In order to find a solution for the reading problem related to reading fluency, a precise study on how can we help our Malaysian secondary students become a fluent reader is important to carry out. Reading fluency like has been mention above focused on students’ speed of accurate reading (Hudson et al. , 2005). Thus, this research focused on how we can help struggle readers to enhance their reading fluency. This study used reading aloud approach where the students need to read passage given orally. Reading passages were chosen from the Malaysian secondary English Textbook as the reading materials. CBM was used to measure the accurate reading or the percentages of correct word read during the reading sessions. Accurate reading focuses on 1) words pronounce correctly, 2) words read incorrectly which consist errors of mispronunciations, substitutions, and omissions, 3) three second rule which the words will be counted as an error when the teacher help the students to pronounce it after they hesitate in pronouncing the words for three seconds. Exactly as the guidelines provided by Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, (2005, p. 78). Thus, the result of this research sought to reveal on how far the reading will aloud approach can improve Malaysian secondary students reading fluency. 1. 2 Problem statement Models of World Englishes has been coined by Professor Braj B. Kachru on 1985 (Phillipson, 2008). This model explains how English widely spread and used worldwide. According to Kachru, B. B. , Kachru, Y. , Nelson, C. L. , (2006), there are three circle models which can classify English as native language (ENL), English as a second language (ESL), and English as foreign language (EFL). The three circles model are: The current sociolinguistic profile of English may be viewed in terms of three concentric circles . . . The inner Circle refers to traditional cultural and linguistic bases of English. The Outer Circle represents the institutionalised non- native varieties (ESL) in regions that have passed through extended periods of colonization . . . The Expanding Circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the languages are used essentially in EFL contexts. (Kachru, B. B. , Kachru, Y. , Nelson, C. L. , 2006). Concisely, this model explains about three circles which roughly classify three different English learners worldwide. 1) The Inner Circle houses countries, like the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and so on, where English is traditionally the primary or native language (English as Native Language). 2) The Outer Circle comprises countries where English has a long history of institutionalized functions, usually owing to a colonial past, and is used intra-nationally among fellow citizens who are usually bilingual (English as Second Language). Finally, 3) The Expanding Circle consists of countries in which English has no special status, but may be taught as a foreign language (English as Foreign Language) (Rajadurai, 2010). Applied to Malaysia, our country has traditionally been assigned Outer Circle status due to the British colonization. (David Govindasamy 2003). Rajah stated that the independence of Malaya in 1957, however, saw a continuing change in attitude towards the English language, in favor of the Malay language. English continued to be a dominant language. (as cited in Lee Su Kim, Lee King Siong, Wong Azizah, 2010). Competence in English had become a crucial partition in Malaysian society after the independence, carving out for itself a role in the economical areas, in education and placing the society status or standard among Malaysian. (Lee Su Kim, Lee King Siong, Wong Azizah, 2010). In the Malaysian school context, where English is officially stated and taught as a second language, learning English as a second language (ESL) in class always poses many language and cultural obstacles (Melor et al,.2012). Thus, there is a widespread concern among educators about students who not having the ability to read or students who is struggling to read in English (Zulhilmi, 2005). In News Straits Times newspaper dated on 12th February 2006 reported a survey conducted by the National Union of the Teaching Profession (NUTP) on students’ ability to read in English among secondary schools students in Malaysia. From the 70 secondary schools population of 73,858 students were analyzed, and from the analysis there are 34,890 students who could not read in English. What is more shocking is that some of these students are in Form five and having had eleven years of schooling and learning English as a second language yet they failed to achieve the basic skills of reading in English. Thus, students’ reading ability in second language need to be developed so that they can become fluent readers. (Noorliza, 2006). In order for students to succeed in reading fluently the teacher need to focus on enhancing their reading fluency (Baker, 2008). Baker also claimed that acquiring fluency in reading can also be considered important because it is also a part of developing reading ability. One of the ways to help students in enhancing their reading fluency is through reading aloud approach. (Hale et al. , 2007). Thus, this research will show the insight of struggling readers enhancing their reading fluency through reading aloud approach. 1. 3 Rationale of the study Several models of reading development suggest that reading fluency is a one of the most important components of effective reading ( Kuhn Stahl, 2003). Normally, students who are struggling to read will take longer time to develop their reading fluency. Due to this subject matter using reading aloud strategy seem to be an effective and convenient way to help our struggling readers. (Compton, Fuchs, D. , Fuchs, L. S. , Bryant, 2006) Rasinski Padak (2008) claims that reading aloud approach should be an instructional routine in all classrooms, including those for student who experience difficulty in reading. Another advantage of reading aloud, especially for those who find reading difficult, is that it familiarizes students with the style and form of written language. It also provides students with a model of what fluent reading should sound like. (Goering Baker, 2010). Furthermore, Nurazila et al. , (2011) claim that the use of reading aloud approach is less being attempt to be studied by our Malaysian researchers. Indeed, they also stated that this reading approach strengths and weaknesses still need to be investigate deeper. So, the rationales of this study open up the chance to enhance students reading fluency using reading aloud approach. 1. 4 The Purpose and Objective of the study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reading fluency development of our secondary school students using reading aloud approach. Henceforth, the objectives of this study are: 1. To identify whether reading aloud approach can improve students reading fluency or not 2. To identify whether reading aloud approach has a positive influence on the subjects’ percentages of correct words read during the treatment was given. 3. To identify students common errors in their reading session. 1. 5 Research questions Thus, research questions of this study will be: 1. To what extent does reading aloud approach improve students’ reading fluency? 2. To what extent does reading aloud approach influences the subjects’ percentages of correct words read in each reading sessions during the treatment was given? 3. To what extent does students make errors in their reading sessions? 1. 6 Significance of the study 1. 6. 1. Society level At the society level, this study can help in developing number of peoples who can use English as a second language fluently which can cater jobs requirement as English is being used as second language in Malaysia. This study will also help the new generation equip with proper level English proficiency that can help them face the globalization era which English is widely being used as universal language. 1. 6. 2. School level. This study will help school to improve their students reading abilities in order to gain better result in major examination in English subject. It is also will give an idea on how to save struggle readers in the schools. 1. 6. 3. Teacher At the pedagogical level, this study can assist the teachers in solving problems in reading fluency among the students. Students who are struggling readers could be helped through the approach used in this research which later could help teachers to easily conduct the lesson of the day without facing any problem in teaching and learning session. 1. 6. 4. Students. This research might help the student in enhancing their reading proficiency. Students not only competent in reading to gain comprehension and knowledge but also can convey the knowledge fluently through oral reading using accurate pronunciation, intonation and reading rate. 1. 7 Limitation of the study 1. 7. 1. Time limitation In order to carry out this research, a consistent time management should be taken care of. This study has to be conducted 4 times a week, for 5 weeks. So, a proper supervision of time is needed. However, in school the periodic timetable given and the school’s programs will interrupt the suggested period of the research. 1. 8 Definition of terms 1. 9. 1 Reading fluency Reading fluency is often defined as â€Å"the ability to read rapidly with ease and accuracy and to read with appropriate expression and phrasing. (Grabe, 2008). In this study, reading fluency refers to accurately read the words in one minute without making errors in the reading sessions. 1. 9. 2. 1 Accurate reading. According to Fletcher, Francis, Morris Lyon (2005) accurate reading is the ability to recognize word, how to sound a words which involve the process of pronouncing words correctly with the correct pronunciation. In this research, accurate reading refers to reading a passage accurately without making errors in reading. The errors consist of mispronunciation, substitutions and omission, and three second rules which the words will be counted as an error when the teacher help the students to pronounce it after they hesitate in pronouncing the words for three seconds. 1. 9. 2 Reading aloud approach Rasinski (2003) defined reading aloud as a process of sounding the words in written forms loudly with appropriate facial expression, rhythm and use the correct punctuation marks in the texts read. In this study reading aloud means students need to read passage given orally in front of teacher. Teacher will assist the students through monitoring the students’ reading. Students will be given chances to read the passages repeatedly before the students’ progress in reading were taken. 1. 9. 3 Curriculum Based Measurement Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a standardize format for assessing reading fluency in one minute time. (Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, 2005). In this study, CBM refers to students reading progress in one minute. CBM will show the level of students’ reading fluency gain through reading treatment given for the students. 1. 9. 4 Struggling readers Struggling readers refers to students who fail to recognize words, fail to comprehend various types of text, have little motivation to read and spend less time in reading. (Chard, Vaughn Tyler, 2002). In this research struggling readers refers to students who fail to pronounce a word with correct intonation using appropriate reading speed and students who can comprehend the texts but having difficulties in sounding the words in a text.

Caste System In India Essay -- essays research papers

The caste system, or Varna, of India, came about when the Aryan speaking Nomadic groups came to India about 1500B.C.. The Aryan priests divided society into a caste system with four parts. This system determined Indian occupations. The priests and teachers were the highest caste. The second in rank were rulers and warriors, with merchants and traders third in rank. Last were the workers and peasants who were born to be servants to the other three castes. People could not change their caste. They had to marry and socialize with people from their own caste. This is very different from the class system of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States class is determined by how much wealth you have, not usually by your occupation. The three classes are the upper class, middle class, and lower class. Most Americans fall into middle class or lower class with the very wealthiest people in the upper class. There is one section of the upper class, which is considered old money. These are families that have inherited fortunes from their relatives and are a small part of what is called high society. In American society you are not forced into one class. You can work in any job to make your fortune and are not stopped from performing any job that you would like to do just because you were born into lower or middle class. Our system is also not based on religion like the Indian caste system is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another group in India’s caste system are the ...

Creating a Healthy City

Creating a Healthy City Environmental health should be a great concern for each individual person as well as our nation and the whole world. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors affecting health and our environment. t which includes air, land and water. Environmental health extents to the chemical we use such as BPA and the effects it can and may have on our children, fuel in the economy and additional sources of fuel, building green, environmental disease and sources of energy in which all of these items can have an effect on the environment and our health.Here are other aspect of environment health that I would have never consider to be part of our concern or environment; but have just as of an impact as anything else. Bioterrorism warfare is critical because without the governments’ prevention and methods many of us could be affected by chemical warfare. This weapon can kill and destroy our very lives. Buying locally is another e xpect of environmental heath that is critical to our community is buying our food locally from farmers and growers in our area. This is a great benefit of knowing more about where your food comes from.It so much more too environmental health in which I do not have the time to discuss. One major item is creating a healthy environment in our communities and cities to help established a better life. Bottom of FormCreating a healthy city is to improved living conditions and better health services in association with various development activities by incorporate different ways to make the city healthy. By creating a healthy city would be committing to the development and maintenance of physical and social environments which support and promote better health and quality of life for residents.Building a health City would be to consider green building, recycling, educating and protecting the water, air and land in which residents maintain their living. Maintaining a healthy environment is c ritical to increasing quality life and years of healthy living. Healthy City would require and include high political commitment, collaboration, community participation, integration of activities and development of a city health profile and a local action plan. Once the plan has been established and implemented it’s important to monitor and evaluate by incorporating views from all groups within the community.These are critical steps in making the city environmental healthy. In order for Stockbridge to become a healthy city it will require some planning just to implement small changes and goals first then move to larger objectives. One area in which Stockbridge can begin is just to begin implementing a recycling plan. In large cities such as New York they have trash pickup and recycle pickup. Trash has to be divided into two categories. This is something that is a small goal for Stockbridge to introduction to the community.This is a small start but it’s a big change tha t can help to established or start the process of a healthy environment in the city. Beginning someone where is a start to healthy living. Having a health city will cost money and time. Money will needed to be generated in order for us to have the community in which we want or deserve to have. Producing a plan is one thing; but have the money to implement the plan is another which could affect the process and progress of the community.Its important for the city official to reach out the people in the community and to give them an understanding of how important is our environment to the city. The present encomic situation is what would have a great impact or obstacle in the city to obtain the funds need to make changes; but this where the community comes in and fund raisers are established to make our city environmental health. Introducing a clean environment healthy city would require information how important having a clean city is important to the community. A health city is about clean air, water, land and waste disposal for better living in the community.Understanding the air we breathe is essential that’s why green emission is established to reduce the amount of carbon that is leaked in to the air which can cause breathing issuing. Having clean water and plenty of water is a something our body cannot live without. Land is major because the quality of land effects food and the types of food in which we can choose from and eat. Land is different from place to place and each area yields certain kinds of food that is necessary for the nutrients we need. When our air, water and land is destroyed where do we go and how do we survive.Environmental Health should be a global concern because earth is our home. Some of the environmental issues of global warming–global dimming—water pollution, air pollution; land pollution and land degradation are affecting humanity throughout the entire world, these and other issues affects every species on the planet earth. Its imperative that mankind listen to the cry of the environment and begin to work together to save our planet. We can all play a part play by taking concern for endangers species, and being careful not to pollute our water and our land.Environmental Health effects and impacts our entire existence and every person should be aware of what the issues are and how they can help to change or fix them because it can and will affect our air, water and food. We do not take an interested to protect and preserve our planet we are looking at killing and destroying ourselves. References Hilgenkamp, Kathryn (2006) Environmental health ; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, chapter 8-10, pgs. 134-191 Omi, Shigir MD (2000) Regional experience in making a Healty city, retrieve June 14, 2012 http://www. who. int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/prevdisradio/en/index. html Creating a Healthy City Creating a Healthy City Environmental health should be a great concern for each individual person as well as our nation and the whole world. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors affecting health and our environment. t which includes air, land and water. Environmental health extents to the chemical we use such as BPA and the effects it can and may have on our children, fuel in the economy and additional sources of fuel, building green, environmental disease and sources of energy in which all of these items can have an effect on the environment and our health.Here are other aspect of environment health that I would have never consider to be part of our concern or environment; but have just as of an impact as anything else. Bioterrorism warfare is critical because without the governments’ prevention and methods many of us could be affected by chemical warfare. This weapon can kill and destroy our very lives. Buying locally is another e xpect of environmental heath that is critical to our community is buying our food locally from farmers and growers in our area. This is a great benefit of knowing more about where your food comes from.It so much more too environmental health in which I do not have the time to discuss. One major item is creating a healthy environment in our communities and cities to help established a better life. Bottom of FormCreating a healthy city is to improved living conditions and better health services in association with various development activities by incorporate different ways to make the city healthy. By creating a healthy city would be committing to the development and maintenance of physical and social environments which support and promote better health and quality of life for residents.Building a health City would be to consider green building, recycling, educating and protecting the water, air and land in which residents maintain their living. Maintaining a healthy environment is c ritical to increasing quality life and years of healthy living. Healthy City would require and include high political commitment, collaboration, community participation, integration of activities and development of a city health profile and a local action plan. Once the plan has been established and implemented it’s important to monitor and evaluate by incorporating views from all groups within the community.These are critical steps in making the city environmental healthy. In order for Stockbridge to become a healthy city it will require some planning just to implement small changes and goals first then move to larger objectives. One area in which Stockbridge can begin is just to begin implementing a recycling plan. In large cities such as New York they have trash pickup and recycle pickup. Trash has to be divided into two categories. This is something that is a small goal for Stockbridge to introduction to the community.This is a small start but it’s a big change tha t can help to established or start the process of a healthy environment in the city. Beginning someone where is a start to healthy living. Having a health city will cost money and time. Money will needed to be generated in order for us to have the community in which we want or deserve to have. Producing a plan is one thing; but have the money to implement the plan is another which could affect the process and progress of the community.Its important for the city official to reach out the people in the community and to give them an understanding of how important is our environment to the city. The present encomic situation is what would have a great impact or obstacle in the city to obtain the funds need to make changes; but this where the community comes in and fund raisers are established to make our city environmental health. Introducing a clean environment healthy city would require information how important having a clean city is important to the community. A health city is about clean air, water, land and waste disposal for better living in the community.Understanding the air we breathe is essential that’s why green emission is established to reduce the amount of carbon that is leaked in to the air which can cause breathing issuing. Having clean water and plenty of water is a something our body cannot live without. Land is major because the quality of land effects food and the types of food in which we can choose from and eat. Land is different from place to place and each area yields certain kinds of food that is necessary for the nutrients we need. When our air, water and land is destroyed where do we go and how do we survive.Environmental Health should be a global concern because earth is our home. Some of the environmental issues of global warming–global dimming—water pollution, air pollution; land pollution and land degradation are affecting humanity throughout the entire world, these and other issues affects every species on the planet earth. Its imperative that mankind listen to the cry of the environment and begin to work together to save our planet. We can all play a part play by taking concern for endangers species, and being careful not to pollute our water and our land.Environmental Health effects and impacts our entire existence and every person should be aware of what the issues are and how they can help to change or fix them because it can and will affect our air, water and food. We do not take an interested to protect and preserve our planet we are looking at killing and destroying ourselves. References Hilgenkamp, Kathryn (2006) Environmental health ; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts, chapter 8-10, pgs. 134-191 Omi, Shigir MD (2000) Regional experience in making a Healty city, retrieve June 14, 2012 http://www. who. int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/prevdisradio/en/index. html

DOMA Ruling

Last week was a huge week for our supreme court. There were a couple really important rulings. There was the University of Texas Vs. Fisher, which argued race when accepting students into their school. There was also a voting rights act ruling as well. The one that stuck out most to me was the court’s decision on DOMA. DOMA stands for â€Å"defense of marriage act. † It was signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996 to prevent same-sex couples whose marriages were recognized by their home state from receiving benefits available to other married couples under federal law. DOMA caused the federal government to not recognize gay marriages. This meant gay and lesbian partners of federal employees did not receive federal health insurance, social security or any of the other benefits given to the spouses of heterosexual employees. DOMA was voted unconstitutional last week by a 5-4 vote. If you are married legally in a state that recognizes same-sex marriage you can now receive federal benefits. President Barack Obama released a statement celebrating the decision. This was discrimination enshrined in law. It treated loving, committed gay and lesbian couples as a separate and lesser class of people. The Supreme Court has righted that wrong, and our country is better off for it,† (DOMA Unconstitutional) I think that this ruling will affect our country in the future. I personally agree with this ruling and think that couples in same sex marriages should have the same benefits as couples that are not. This ruling is only in effect for states that have sam e sex marriages. I think that soon however more states will allow gay marriages than before. I believe that it is a small stepping stone in the gay rights movement and our country is definitely on its way to making even more changes. I believe that everyone should be treated equally no matter who they love. Same sex couples (In legal states of course) are now eligible for many of the health, pension, and other spousal benefits that used to be only guaranteed to the spouses of heterosexual federal workers.

Snowboarding saftey essays

Snowboarding saftey essays One of the newest and fastest spreading sports is snowboarding. As this sport has come along, several cliches have been formed. One outstanding one is that all snowboarders are reckless teenagers who should go home. Well, it is true for the most part, but there are also exceptions. The safe ones. The key to snowboarding is safety. A good rider is a safe rider. A boarder must always follow the official code of responsibility. Boarders must also protect themselves. If safety is not taken seriously, snowboarding can be dangerous. The code of responsibility is as follows: 1. Ride under control and in such a manner that you can stop or avoid other riders or objects. Recently, a snowboarder did not follow this rule and hit a jump and landed on a skier killing him. 2. When riding downhill or overtaking another rider, you must avoid the rider below you. This rule should be followed when passing those slow skiers who take up the whole hill with the unnecessarily long turns. 3. You must not stop where you obstruct a trail or are not visible from above. When local snowboarder Pepper Fajans stopped under a jump to pick up a hat and goggles, another snowboarder came over the jump and hit Fajans. Fajans should have followed this rule. 4. When entering a trail or starting downhill, yield to other riders. Not yielding to others can cause a collision. 5. All riders shall use devices to prevent runaway skis. A leash around the ankle will prevent a miss held board from sliding down he hill and hitting somebody. Fine s can be around $500 if a runaway prevention device isn't worn. 6. A rider shall keep off closed trails and posted areas and observe all posted signs. Often these signs will give warning of a cliff and should be taken seriously. Even if you follow the rules though, there is still room for injury. The law does not require boarders to wear any kind of protection but many people have begun using helmets among other types o...

Marketting mix on coca cola Essay Example

Marketting mix on coca cola Essay Example Marketting mix on coca cola Paper Marketting mix on coca cola Paper The services marketing mix is also called the ups and includes the addition of process, people and physical evidence. 3. Ups of Neurotransmitter: Product means the goods and services combination the company offer to the target racket. Price: Price is the amount of money customer must pay to obtain the product. 4. Ups of Marketplace: Place includes company activities that make the product available to target customers. Promotion: Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of product and persuade target customers to buy it. 5. ACS of Marketings is also important for marketing mix. The four CSS includes-O Customer Solutions Customer Cost Convenience Communication 6. Coca Cola Founded in beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce more than 230 beverage brands. The corporate headquarters are in Atlanta, with local operations in nearly 200 countries around the world. The Coca Cola Company is a leader in the cokes industry, with thousands of employees and offices in the entire world, making it an emporium of beverages. 7. Vision Mission The Coca-Cola Company vision statement is to be the leader in the beverages industry. The companys main goal is to keep being number one selling coke in the world and to increase their incomes, the same way they have done in their past years. 8. Strengths The products that this company produces are hard to copy. These products have added value The quality of the products reaches highest standards Is a leader in the industry Is known in all the world 9. Marketing Mix of Coca Collateralized Product: The Coca- Cola Companys pro ducts include beverage concentrates and syrups, with the main product being finished beverages. The business has over 300 brands of beverages around the world with the main ones being Coke, Fauna, Lift, Sprite, and Powered. Different Price: The prices of Coca-colas products vary according to the brand and the size. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their racing strategy is based on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is the direct competitor to coke. 10. Marketing Mix of Coca Collaborationist Activities: The Coca-Cola Company sells its products by bottling and canning operations. The distributors reached the coke to the wholesalers and the wholesalers reached it to retailers. And at last the customers buy coca cola from retailer shop. Promotion Activities: Advertising The Coca-Cola Company uses advertising as its main source of increasing consumer awareness. It mainly uses the television. There are many television advertisements on Coca-Cola products. This source allows the companys products to reach a large audience. 11. Coca-Cola in Evenhandedness-Cola is the most popular and biggest- selling soft drink insisting, as well as the best-known product in the world. Cochlea is the oldest brand in Bangladesh. From the last 50 yearbooks cola has been marketing its products through electroencephalograms of Bangladesh. However, now it is marketed Abdul Money Limited. It marketed coca cola under authority of the coca cola company, USA and distributes focal-Cola, Sprite and Fauna in Bangladesh. 12. Marketing mix of Coca Cola in Bangladesh:product: Coca Cola offers two efferent sweet and flavored cola in our country. This is normal cola and another is dieting Cola. Coca Cola does not frequently change its taste. It has many nutritional values similar to Pepsi. It serves different type of beverage like Sprite, Fauna, etc. Price: Coca Cola Bangladesh Limited always tries to keep a standard price. It also offers promotional discounts, allowances, credit terms and payment period for the stores and Restaurants. Coca Cola, furthermore, offers discounts in a family size bottle frequently. To thing consumer buying power the coca cola company manufacture efferent types of can for our countries people, so that they can easily buy it. 13. Marketing mix of Coca Cola in Bangladesh:place: Coca Cola Bangladesh Limited has a strong distribution channel to distribute their Coca Cola. They make Coca Cola easy to get and available to the customer everywhere through their expert distributors channel. Their transport facilities, channels of distribution, coverage area, etc. Are maintained very securely. Promotion: Coca cola spends millions of dollar for and color to advertise. Coca Cola makes sales promotion, advertising, force selling, public relations, direct marketing, etc. Sometimes local and international games inaugurated by the help of coca cola Bangladesh Ltd. 14. Summarys Cola now a brand all around the word. Every day they promote their market every corner of the world. More than 60 percent soft drinks liked people like coca cola. They have different kinds of products like Coke, Sprite, Fauna, Lift etc. They always try to provide their product with low price with different packaging. As it is a soft drink, Coca-Cola Company follows Intensive Distribution. It is found more or less everywhere in Bangladesh. In terms of promotions they use Emotional Appeal.

An Introduction to Erikson’s Stages of Development

An Introduction to Erikson’s Stages of Development Psychoanalyst Erik Eriksons stages of development articulated a psychosocial theory of human development made up of eight stages that cover the entirety of the human lifespan from birth to old age. Each stage is defined by a central crisis that the individual must grapple with in order to move on to the next stage. Erikson’s theory has been highly influential on scholars’ understanding of human development and identity formation. Key Takeaways: Erikson's Stages of Development Erik Eriksons stages of development consist of eight stages that cover the entire human lifespan. This structure makes the point that development does not end when an individual reaches adulthood; rather, it continues throughout the entire lifespan.Each stage of development revolves around a central crisis that the individual must contend with in order to move on to the next stage.The success at each stage is reliant upon success at previous stages. Individuals must go through the stages in the order laid out by Erikson. Stages of Psychosocial Development The stages of psychosocial development laid out by Erikson are as follows: 1.  Trust vs. Mistrust The first stage takes place in infancy and ends around age 1. Erikson said that infants first social achievement is to let their caretakers out of sight without becoming anxious. In other words, infants must develop a sense of trust in their caretakers and the people around them. When infants come into the world, they are vulnerable and dependent on others for survival. When a child’s caretakers successfully meet their needs- e.g. food, warmth, and safety- the child develops confidence that the world is a safe and secure place. If the child’s needs are not met, however, the child comes to believe the world is an inconsistent, untrustworthy place. This doesn’t mean that all mistrust is bad. According to Erikson, a certain amount of mistrust is necessary. Without some amount of mistrust, the child could become too trusting and consequently would not know when to be skeptical of people’s intentions. However, an individual should emerge from this stage with a greater sense of trust than mistrust. If the infant is successful in this endeavor, they will develop the virtue of hope: a belief that one’s desires are achievable despite the chaos of the world. 2.  Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The second stage takes place when the child is around 2 or 3 years old. As children grow, they become more capable of doing things on their own. If children are supported in their bids at independence, they will learn to have confidence in their abilities. On the other hand, if children are too controlled or criticized, they will start to doubt their ability to take care of themselves. If the individual emerges from this stage with a greater sense of autonomy than shame or doubt, they will develop the virtue of will: the ability to make choices freely while also having self-control when appropriate. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt The third stage takes place between the ages of 3 and 6. Preschool age children start to take initiative in pursuing their own objectives. When they are successful, they develop a sense of competence in their ability to make and achieve goals. When those objectives meet resistance or become problematic in the social world, they will experience guilt. Too much guilt can lead to a lack of self-confidence. If the child emerges from this stage with more positive than negative experiences taking initiative, they will develop the virtue of purpose: the ability to determine what they want and go after it. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority The fourth stage takes place from 6 to 11 years old. This stage marks the child’s first forays into grade school and structured learning. It is therefore the first time the child must begin to understand and contend with the expectations of the wider culture. Children learn what it means to be a good member of society, both in terms of productivity and morality. If children come to believe they cannot function properly in society, they develop feelings of inferiority. Children who experience success at this stage will develop the virtue of competence. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion The fifth stage takes place during adolescence and in some cases can extend into the 20s. With the onset of puberty, physical and cognitive changes cause adolescents to think about their futures for the first time. On the one hand, they are trying to determine who they are and what they want for their futures. On the other hand, they worry about making unwise commitments and are concerned about the way others, especially their peers, perceive them. While identity development is a lifelong process, the fifth stage a key time for identity, as adolescents start to choose and pursue the roles they wish to fulfill as adults. They also must begin to develop a worldview that gives them a sense of personal perspective. Success at this stage will result in a coherent sense of identity that leads to the virtue of fidelity: loyalty to one’s commitments. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation The sixth stage takes place during young adulthood. Adolescents are often too preoccupied to truly be intimate with another person. However, during young adulthood, individuals who have established a sense of their own identity can achieve a genuine connection with someone else. At this stage, those whose relationships remain impersonal will experience isolation. People who achieve more intimacy than isolation at this stage will develop the virtue of mature love. 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation The seventh stage takes place during midlife. It is at this time that people turn their attention to what they can offer the next generation. Erikson called this â€Å"generativity.† While his focus was on raising children, adults who produce anything that contributes to the future, including creative works and ideas, are also being generative. Adults who are not successful at this stage become stagnant, self-absorbed, and bored. Generative adults who contribute to the next generation and avoid becoming overly self-indulgent develop the virtue of care. 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair The eighth and final stage takes place during old age. At this point, people start to look back on their lives. If they can accept and find meaning in what they have done and accomplished throughout their lives, they will achieve integrity. If people look back and don’t like what they see, the realization that life is too short to try out alternatives and repair regrets will lead to despair. Finding meaning in one’s life in old age results in the virtue of wisdom. The Structure of the Stages Erikson was influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud, particularly Freuds stage theory of psychosexual development. Erikson expanded on the five stages outlined by Freud by assigning psychosocial tasks to each stage, then adding three additional stages for later periods of adulthood. Erikson’s stages rest on the epigenetic principle: the idea that each stage is dependent upon the previous stage and, therefore, individuals must go through the stages in a specific order. At each stage, the individual must wrestle with a central psychosocial conflict in order to progress to the next stage. Each stage has a particular conflict because, according to Erikson, individual growth and sociocultural context work together to bring that conflict to the individuals attention at a particular point in life. As individuals move through the psychosocial stages specified by Erikson, their success rests upon the outcomes of previous stages. For example, when infants develop more mistrust than trust in their caretakers during the first stage, they may experience role confusion during the fifth stage. Similarly, if an adolescent emerges from the fifth stage without having successfully developed a strong sense of identity, he or she may have difficulty developing intimacy during the sixth stage. As a result of these structural elements, Erikson’s theory communicates two key points: Development does not stop when one reaches adulthood. Rather, individuals continue to develop throughout their entire lifespan.Each stage of development hinges upon the individual’s interaction with the social world. Critiques Eriksons stage theory has faced some criticism for its limitations. Erikson was vague about the experiences an individual must undergo in order to successfully grapple with the conflict of each stage. He also wasn’t specific about how people move through the various stages. Erikson himself was aware that his work was unclear; he explained that he intended his theory to provide context and descriptive detail for development, not precise facts about developmental mechanisms. Nevertheless, Erikson’s theory can be credited with inspiring a great deal of research into human development, identity, and personality. Sources Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.Dunkel, Curtis S., and Jon A. Sefcek. â€Å"Eriksonian Lifespan Theory and Life History Theory: An Integration Using the Example of Identity Formation.†Ã‚  Review of General Psychology, vol. 13, no. 1, 2009, pp. 13-23,  http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013687Erikson, Erik H. Childhood and Society. W.W. Norton Company, 1963.Erikson, Erik H. Identity: Youth and Crisis. W.W. Norton Company, 1968.McAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.† Simply Psychology, 2013. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

Assignment Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment Week 4 - Essay Example The ordinary parking zone can be occupied by students who have opted for ordinary parking passes. A parking spot in this zone is not guaranteed but is rather filled up on a first-come first-served basis. The restriction imposed on ordinary parking zone would be that no special pass holder will be allowed to park their vehicles here. On the other hand if the peak hour parking slot is unoccupied after the designated time, it can be occupied by the ordinary pass holder if all ordinary parking zone is full to capacity. e.g.: If the peak hours are between 10:00 am - 12:00 noon and all parking spots are full except for a few peak hour parking spot, the same can be occupied by an ordinary pass holder after 1 hour from the end of peak time (i.e., 1:00 pm or later). In effect peak hour parking zone transforms into ordinary parking zone if spots are empty after end of peak hours to accommodate more vehicles. In this way students who regularly use the parking facility can be given a peak-time parking spot at higher rates to ensure maximum revenue, and additional revenue generated from ordinary parking zone where parking depends on first-come first-served. Parking slots for students, who require parking spots during peak hours, should be assigned only in the special parking zone. The ordinary parking zone can have students driving in and out of the parking lot and spots will not be reserved, thus ensuring that parking spots are not wasted. 3. The condition of the global market / the larger chain of consumers, clients, partners, competitors i.e. the linked organisations and entities that form the channel for revenue flow in and out of the industry and within the industry. If the target market is performing well and there is surplus demand than availability of resources then the pricing strategy should be adopted accordingly. Secondary factors that play a deciding role in the choice of a

Victor Davis Hanson's The Civic Education America Needs Essay

Victor Davis Hanson's The Civic Education America Needs - Essay Example He further argues that among the factors, which hinder civic education, is the presence of scholar uncertainty where they have no national pride, thus making them lose the element of social cohesion (Forment 451). The scholars in turn join college without self-assurance, hence vulnerable to all fallacies about the American practice. Victor also has his argument on the catastrophic changes in the privileged society, especially from the universities, which have trickled down to the schools. He puts that civic education in this schools has declined over the last thirty years. He says that the ideas from the elites of these universities are characterized as being anti-moral to civic education. He further asserts that the ideas of multiculturalism, dictatorial, intellectual, and ethical relativism disseminated from the top universities through the fourth estate and politicians, greatly undermine the civic education program. Victor further argues that multiculturalism, allowed to the etiqu ette of the underclass, changed the conduct of the youthful people (Forment 452). He believes that to counteract this elite culture from undermining the process of civic education, there is need to cultivate and re-visit the common values and national story of America. Furthermore, Victor Davies argues that the conceit of the Enlightenment, which threatens to eliminate the available, shared pathologies, is a cause of concern in promoting the civic education in America. The segregation and undermining of women plays a key role in disheartenment of efforts to foster the civic education in America. He puts forward that civility, which to many is merely convection, has to become a tool for liberation of the people (Nelles 264). He observes that civility was an oppressive phenomenon of the 1950s, an era punctuated by subdued sexual issues like inhumane treatment of women, minorities and the young people. These were to remind the women that they were the weaker sex and they had no place i n the society. The treatment, according to Victor also wanted to show the youth that they were tacit. It comes evident when the learners of age 20 claim that they owe nothing in terms of morals to the older generation. They further claim that the old generation need to get astute thoughts from them, which to Victor undermines the role of civic education (Forment 454). Victor argues that gone are the days when a person took concern of the greater humanity, other than the individualistic nature. He advocates for a kind of†citizenship†education where one is guided by the values and not obligated by attachments. Victor further proposes that the American system of education should embrace the idea of â€Å"citizenship,† which will cultivate an individual guided by rights and the broader humanity. This, to Victor can bring up students who are responsible and guided by morals (Nelles 265). Through this, teachers will be able to correct students who mess up and also enabl e students to learn the values, which will promote civic education in the primary schools. On the other end, this will not be fruitful in implementing, especially when the teachers and parents fail to lead as examples to the kids. in addition, teachers may lack the moral and intellectual authority and end up behaving like their learners in their behavior (Nelles 266). The idea of the â€Å"citizenship,† also promotes teamwork especially in sports. This teamwork enhances

Media Criticism Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Criticism - Term Paper Example This order attempts to outline why Dr. Phil show serves as the best show for the audience. Dr. Phil invites the victims of various life challenges on the stage before the audience and they get a chance to describe their challenges. The session is couple with videos or recordings of the activities that may have led to the problem for the victim. In many cases, the challenges involve unusual behaviours that people develop as a result of engaging in some activities or conflicts between parents, children or lovers. The program is considered to be the best because Dr. Phil engages the victim to get to the root cause of the problem. It is also captivating because it involves different issues that affect members of the society and thus many people can relate to the problems being solved and also gain solutions to their problems (McGraw 45). I love Dr. Phil show because I get to realise many challenges that people face in their life. For instance, issues of dating a person who is addicted to certain drugs or behaviours are common in Dr. Phil show. In a certain show a lady and her boyfriend were introduced before the audience where her boyfriend had forced her to engage in different types of drugs including the hard drugs. Her parents were so disappointed that she would not listen to them anymore due to her obsession with her boyfriend. When she was introduced on Dr. Phil, she admitted that her relationship with her boyfriend had completely changed her behaviour but she was not will to quit the relationship. Although she promised to change after receiving advice from Dr. Phil, the lesson was critical especially to young people that lovers can change one’s life and behaviour completely. Dr. Phil show is thus essential to almost all members of the societies since different people have different life challenges that they can connect with in the show. Dr. Phil show attracts a lot of audience

Current Macroeconomic Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Macroeconomic Situation - Essay Example The argument that one takes only meat and no pasta or read is for one to be likely to lose weight (Pollan, 2007). I think the argument is that the pasta and bread only add up to carbohydrates. The Atkins diet suggest eating meat only and no bread, I think there are many other risks associated with a lot of protein. Dr Robert C. Atkins may have invented the Atkins diet, but I must question how it happens; that people still prefer taking sliming pills or other fad diets. Though this may be the best diet, it does not make sense because; people need energy as source of energy boosters (Pollan, 2007). Fat and sugar and sources of energy, but the Atkins diet fails to recommend them. Perhaps the argument fails to consider the fact that carbohydrates are not the main cause of weight gain (Pollan, M. Chevat, 2009). There are many types of foods that people think contribute to the overweight, this feeling is true but it is just how much and how often one takes them. For example, fast foods con tribute significantly to overweight especially if one consumes them more often and on a daily basis. On the other hand, irregular consumption of fast foods do not have much effect on the body as fast as weight gain is concerned, it is important to consider consuming recommended quantity of such foods (Pollan, 2007). Based on the above argument, it is healthy to argue that the omnivores argument is wrong as not all foods contraindicated by the omnivores are bad. In fact, all those foods have well for health and they contribute to a healthy you. It is also imperative to note that the countries that the omnivores are believed to have a positive diet have overweight people, and if the omnivores thinks slimmer is healthy, I am a little confused because that is not what healthy means (Pollan, M. Chevat, 2009). Having read Rousseau’s, a lot seems to be misplaced because the information does not add u at all. For example, most of the works are borrowed from other texts and this does make Rousseau an expert. Additionally, his argument is not sounding like those of an expert. Rousseau, introduces the consumption of mushroom and does not come clean where mushroom fits in (Pollan, 2007). Firstly, mushroom is a vegetable that is relatively harmless but harmful if the wrong specie is taken. The fact that most of the text in these books does not make them authors because nothing in these books are original content but other people works. This only makes their work vague. There is also the feeling that their work is mainly commercial because there is a lot of reference to the availability of the foods in supermarkets (Atkins, 2002). This may be marketing gimmick. There are many mistakes in ignorance, for example, people tend to each whatever they come across without knowing the consequences of their diets and this may not be easy to change considering that, they are ignorant. People will easily eat what they want as long as they can afford these foods. It is just ingra ined in the mind of people to eat what they desire and this may not be easy to change (Pollan, 2007). As the supermarket is commercial entities, they are much into business and are focused on profitability. Most supermarket are only sell the products brought by their suppliers are may not be interested in knowing how their foods contribute to the health of their customers Westman, C et al. (2010). Therefore, it is the duty of the customers to

Conduct a social media network page and write a brief memo Essay

Conduct a social media network page and write a brief memo - Essay Example Creation of a user interface where clients can post their queries and get responses is another tool to attract more customers. Customers would prefer to get services from a person they trust, and the trust could be built through conversations at these social platforms. In our page, we have highlighted the mission of being in market and guarantee that the nutritional services we offer are the best at very economical prices. Through updates that contain advice on the kind of services we would provide to clients, we probably create attention to those seeking nutritional advice. Later on in the page, we intend to create a larger connection chain of well-known professionals in the health, nutrition and dietetics sector. More so we will update our profile with the past successes and achievements to enhance confidence among the untapped customers. We shall also keep a follow up to our customers through the social media as well and increase the number of likes through their pages and connections. With that, more attention shall be attracted to the project we are doing or intending to

Current Macroeconomic Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Macroeconomic Situation - Essay Example The argument that one takes only meat and no pasta or read is for one to be likely to lose weight (Pollan, 2007). I think the argument is that the pasta and bread only add up to carbohydrates. The Atkins diet suggest eating meat only and no bread, I think there are many other risks associated with a lot of protein. Dr Robert C. Atkins may have invented the Atkins diet, but I must question how it happens; that people still prefer taking sliming pills or other fad diets. Though this may be the best diet, it does not make sense because; people need energy as source of energy boosters (Pollan, 2007). Fat and sugar and sources of energy, but the Atkins diet fails to recommend them. Perhaps the argument fails to consider the fact that carbohydrates are not the main cause of weight gain (Pollan, M. Chevat, 2009). There are many types of foods that people think contribute to the overweight, this feeling is true but it is just how much and how often one takes them. For example, fast foods con tribute significantly to overweight especially if one consumes them more often and on a daily basis. On the other hand, irregular consumption of fast foods do not have much effect on the body as fast as weight gain is concerned, it is important to consider consuming recommended quantity of such foods (Pollan, 2007). Based on the above argument, it is healthy to argue that the omnivores argument is wrong as not all foods contraindicated by the omnivores are bad. In fact, all those foods have well for health and they contribute to a healthy you. It is also imperative to note that the countries that the omnivores are believed to have a positive diet have overweight people, and if the omnivores thinks slimmer is healthy, I am a little confused because that is not what healthy means (Pollan, M. Chevat, 2009). Having read Rousseau’s, a lot seems to be misplaced because the information does not add u at all. For example, most of the works are borrowed from other texts and this does make Rousseau an expert. Additionally, his argument is not sounding like those of an expert. Rousseau, introduces the consumption of mushroom and does not come clean where mushroom fits in (Pollan, 2007). Firstly, mushroom is a vegetable that is relatively harmless but harmful if the wrong specie is taken. The fact that most of the text in these books does not make them authors because nothing in these books are original content but other people works. This only makes their work vague. There is also the feeling that their work is mainly commercial because there is a lot of reference to the availability of the foods in supermarkets (Atkins, 2002). This may be marketing gimmick. There are many mistakes in ignorance, for example, people tend to each whatever they come across without knowing the consequences of their diets and this may not be easy to change considering that, they are ignorant. People will easily eat what they want as long as they can afford these foods. It is just ingra ined in the mind of people to eat what they desire and this may not be easy to change (Pollan, 2007). As the supermarket is commercial entities, they are much into business and are focused on profitability. Most supermarket are only sell the products brought by their suppliers are may not be interested in knowing how their foods contribute to the health of their customers Westman, C et al. (2010). Therefore, it is the duty of the customers to

Public presentation thru Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public presentation thru Communication - Essay Example Public speaking can be a powerful tool to use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, or simply ethos. Becoming good at public presentations entails a number of principles, that one needs to grasp. It is important to know that presentation goes hand in hand with communication skills. Good communication skills lead to a nice public presentation. One needs to put into practice some of the principles of effective communication skills if he or she has to come out as a good orator. For an effective public presentation, one needs to plan effectively the presentation. Planning entail was writing down an objective statement of what one needs to achieve because of the presentation. The objective statement usually answers the question â€Å"who is my audience and what is the purpose of the talk.† Next, one needs to write down what he thinks he will tell the audience. It is crucial to note that public speaking not only share information but also move people’s minds and hearts and provokes them into changing their behavior. Additionally, research on the topic of discussion is also very important. The second principle entails one overcoming his or her public speaking fear. Most people become nervous at the thought of standing before people and presenting a given speech. In America, for instance 43% of adults rank public speaking as a major block bringing about fear compared to death. Being bold during a public presentation enhances information flow and the way one influences the audience’s emotional balance. Overcoming this fear is a choice that one can decide to take. Confidence eventually leads to an improved public presentation. Finally, it is crucial to note that a practice makes perfect. By so doing, one boosts his or her communication skills and the ability to stand before the public and offer a good presentation. Continuous repletion of something until it becomes second nature is important in ensuring that perfection is

Religious Commitment Essay Example for Free

Religious Commitment Essay Religious governments often have a very undemocratic approach of management, with strict and stringent laws and little freedom. Women are thus usually hard-pressed, dictated, given fewer liberties, and less educated. It is no surprise therefore that these societies are generally male-dominated with little influence from women. Education is primarily based upon the laws and scriptures of state religion with little room for anything else. From primary to secondary studies, emphasis is placed upon teaching and preaching everything about the religion and its practices. Anything which differs from religion is discarded. This consequently results in low literacy rate in terms of modern ways, studies, technologies and knowledge. Civil laws are also based upon the scriptures of the religion, with severe and strict rules and regulations. There is little democracy, freedom, and usually harsh punishments given out for violating laws. Religious laws are of chief importance and consequentially high government posts are inhabited by religious clerics and leaders. There are a large percentage of these types of governments in Middle East, Asia and East, where as the West and European countries are exceedingly democratic. In recent times, extremists Muslims have been severely criticized for trying to impose their religion and violating basic rights of freedom. It is also one of the reasons cited by the American government for attacking Afghanistan and Iraq, which were primarily religious governments with little freedom and democracy. On the whole, religious governments place emphasis on religion, its laws and practices. Compliance is usually mandatory, with all matters: women, education and civil laws etc. molded according to religious beliefs. Reference Audi, Robert. Religious Commitment and Secular Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leadership Cultural Diversity and Global Mindset

Leadership Cultural Diversity and Global Mindset Extensive research has been undertaken over the past 50 years to identify and analyze leadership behavior. Leadership has been defined in many different ways, but most definitions assume that it involves an influence process concerned with facilitating the performance of a collective task. It involves a process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person over other people to guide, structure, and facilitate activities and relationships in a group to achieve organizational effectiveness and success. Robins and Judge (2008) define leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals (p. 385). Along the ability to influence, intercultural, interpersonal and organizational communication skills are crucial for global leaders. For effective leadership in multicultural settings, a global mindset and diversity understanding are the most important skills required of leaders. There are several distinct theoretical bases for leadership. At first, leaders were felt to be born, not made. So-called great person theory of leadership, it implied that some individuals are born with certain traits that allowed them to emerge out of any situation or period of history to become leaders. The trait theories concentrate on the leaders themselves and have shown little promise for either the understanding of the leadership process or the relationship with effective leadership performance. Recent research findings show a significant relationship with the Big Five personality traits and effective leadership. According to Luthans (2008), there is emerging interest in positive organizational behavior capacities (i.e. hope, optimism, resiliency, emotional intelligence, and, especially, self-efficacy) and effective leaders, and there is continuing concern with leader skills and competences (pp. 413-416). Most researchers evaluate leadership effectiveness in terms of the consequences of the leaders actions for followers. Leadership is an exchange process between the leader and the followers. The group and exchange theories emphasize the importance of followers. Graen and Uhl Bien (1995) applied a multi-level and multi-domain perspective on leadership, distinguishing between leader-based, follower-based, and relationship-based leadership styles (p. 224). Leader-based style was found to include more structured tasks, strong leader position power, member acceptance of leader, and common understanding of leader and power. Follower-based became known for more unstructured tasks, weak position power, member non-acceptance of leader, and leaders absence from responsibilities. The relationship based style included situation favorability for leader between two extremes, accommodated differing needs of subordinates, and could elicit superior work from different types. Now known as Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory, it says the leaders treat individual followers differently; in particular, leaders and their associates develop two-person dyadic relationships that affect the behavior of both (Luthans, p. 417). This research continues to be relatively supportive despite some criticism it received over the years. LMX seems to be more descriptive of the typical process of role making by leaders, rather than prescribing the patterns of downward exchange relations optimal for leadership effectiveness. However, from the social cognitive perspective, it should be taken into account that leader-member exchanges are a reciprocal process, as leaders may be inclined to change follower self-concept in the short run to achieve performance goals and more enduring changes. Meanwhile, followers reciprocally shape leaders self-schemas through their responses, both as individuals and through collective reactions. The traditionally recognized theories of leadership tend to be more situation-based. In particular, Fiedlers contingency model made a significant contribution to leadership theory and potentially to the practice of human resource management. The situation in which an organization operates plays an influential role in designing and managing the organization effectively. The situational variables and contextual aspects of leadership affect leadership roles, skills, behavior, and followers performance and satisfaction. Effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. The theory suggests that a key factor to leadership success is the individuals fixed leadership style. Based on empirical research, Fiedler concluded that task-oriented leaders end to perform better in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. It is im portant to note that contingency theory emphasizes that leaders are not successful in all situations. In the 21st century workplace, this theory is still predictive and provides useful information about the type of leadership most likely to be successful. Data from this empirical research theory could be particularly useful to organizations in developing leadership profiles. However, the theory does not clearly explain why people with certain leadership style are more effective in particular situations than others, as well as what to do when the leader and the situation mismatch in the workplace. In addition, mush use of psychology and sociology has contributed to the development of five major contingency theories: Fiedlers least-preferred co-worker (LPC) theory (relationships, power, and tasks), Evanss path-goal theory (paths and rewards), Kerr and Jermiers leadership substitutes theory, multiple-linkage models (leadership and group effectiveness), and Fiedlers cognitive resource t heory (Robins and Judge, 2008, pp. 386-403). The studies have given a rise to a number of taxonomies which Yukl (2002) proposes might be refined into the three jointly inter-reacting categories of task-, relations-, and change-oriented behaviors. On looking at the fields of study covering participative (change-oriented) leadership, delegation and empowerment, Yukl more closely examined Vroom-Yetoons model of participative leadership to identify decision procedures in different situations. In his Leadership in Organizations book, he considers some detrimental success of collective participatory efforts by members of an organization to achieve meaningful tasks then gives the following definition of leadership: Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how it can be done effectively, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish the shared objectives (p. 7). One of the most important and difficult leadership responsibilities is leading change, especially the cultural change. The creation and establishment of a clear and compelling vision is useful to guide the organization through change, and guidelines are necessary for formulating a vision, as well as implementing change for political or organizational or people-oriented actions. Throughout the change process, the role of the leader is key. While traditional leadership theories focused on the leaders influential power over the followers, the contemporary leadership theories focus on the importance of the leader as a communicator. Contemporary organizations are constantly searching for leaders who can exhibit charismatic, authentic, and transformational leadership qualities. They want leaders who have clear vision and the right charisma to carry out the vision. Although exhibiting the right behaviors at the right time may be perceived as a result of true leadership effectiveness, the evidence strongly shows that people have a relatively uniform perception of what a leader should look like. They attribute true leadership to people who are smart, personable, verbally adept, and inspirational. The effectiveness of charismatic and transformational leadership crosses cultural boundaries. Effective leaders today must develop trusting relationships with the followers, because as organizations have become less stable and predict able, strong bonds of trust are likely to be replacing bureaucratic rules in defining expectations and relationships. Leaders who are not trusted are not likely to be effective. Yukl clearly explains, in chapter 9, why attributions of charisma are jointly determined by the leader, the followers, and the situation (pp. 240-267). Charismatic leaders arouse enthusiasm and commitment in followers by advocating a vision and increasing the followers confidence about achieving the vision. Attribution of charisma to the leader is more likely if the vision and strategy for attaining it are innovative, the leader takes personal risks to promote it, and the strategy appears to be succeeding. Self-confidence, strong convictions, speaking ability, and other leader traits or skills increase the likelihood of charisma. Ethical charismatic leaders use power to serve others, align vision with followers needs and aspirations, consider and learn from others, as well as stimulate followers to think independently and to question the leaders views. They prefer open, two-way communication, share recognition with others by coaching, developing, and supporting followers. They rely o n internal moral standards to satisfy organizational and societal interests (Howell and Avolio, 1992, p. 45). Robins and Judge (2008) defines charismatic leadership theory as a theory which states that followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors (p. 413). Charismatic leadership may affect some followers more than others. People are more receptive to charismatic leadership especially at times of crisis, stress, and negative outcomes. Charismatic leaders have idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Luthans, p. 435). However, as a group they are considered a subsection of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders make followers more aware of the importance and value of the work and induce followers to transcend self-interest for the sake of the organization. They empower organizations by developing follower skills and confidence to prepare followers for greater responsibilities. Under difficult conditions, resilient transformational leaders help followers to see threats as opportunities for advancement and responsibility for success (Luthans, Youssef, and Avolio, 2007, p. 126-127). They support and encourage followers to maintain enthusiasm and effort in the face of obstacles and difficulties. As a result of such influence, followers motivation and performance increases along with improved trust and respect toward the leader. The primary characteristic of transformational leadership is the idealized influence, as opposed to charisma, allowing people to differentiate between the two theories. The major difference is how followers are treated. While transformational lea ders seek to empower and elevate the followers to develop followers into leaders, charismatic leaders may seek to keep followers weak, loyal, and dependant on them. While transformational leaders increase follower motivation and performance to a greater degree, effective leaders typically use a combination of transformational and transactional leadership types (Yukl, pp. 253-254). Leadership effectiveness may not necessarily be enhanced by transactional leadership; however, contingent reward behavior is effective for recognizing accomplishments, as well as rewarding the efforts and good performance (Bass, 1990, p. 22). Global Mindset Cultural Diversity In todays rapidly changing global economy, it has become crucial for leaders to possess such intelligence that analyzes and employs the greatest possible emerging and challenging opportunities as well as observes and interprets the dynamic and culturally diverse world in which they lead humans the most valuable assets of any given organization. The success of the strategies multicultural organizations pursue is largely impacted by the leaders perceptions and interpretations of the global socioeconomic environment. With central focus in the field of cognitive psychology and organizational theory, global mindset has much to do with human beings and their sense in the world in which they encounter daily interaction with one another. We live in a world where do exit dynamic, ambiguous, and complex information that get our attention and absorption. Using cognitive filters, we are selective in our absorption and biased in our interpretation. There exists the likelihood that our mindset an d new information may, however, be engaged in an inconsistent correlation, under which circumstance the information becomes subject to rejection or the mindset becomes subject to change. The mindset of other members in an organization has an influence on and does indeed shape the mindset of the collectivity of individuals within the organization. The level of power, the status of people with whom being interacted, the purpose of interaction, etc, does play a crucial role in the shaping of ones mindset. New experiences, a change in the relative power of different individuals, and a change in the process of organizational and social interaction within members do result in a change of the organizational mindset. According to Gupta and Govindarajan (2002), the cognitive psychology has shown that mindset exists through knowledge structure primarily composed of differentiation and integration attributes. The latter first of two refers to the narrowness of knowledge the individual brings to a context, whereas the latter one refers to the level of integration of disparate knowledge elements in the knowledge structures. When differentiation is low, integration is not an issue; however, when it is high, integration becomes a critical attribute. Many of us are changeable and each time frequently swing towards the person we last met. This scenario where high differentiation is accompanied with low integration is known to be High D-Low I. Conversely, those who welcome diverse options and demonstrate integrative perspective are known as High D-High I which itself is the definition of global mindset. Gupta and Govindarajan define global mindset more precisely as one that combines openness to and awarene ss of diversity across cultures and markets with a propensity and ability to synthesize across this diversity The value of global mindset is best illustrated by the companys ability to combine speed with accurate response. The companys ability to grasp the needs in the local market and its ability to build cognitive bridges across the needs and between its own global experience and capabilities are manifested in such comparative advantages which identify the emerging opportunities, analyze the trade-off between the local adaptation and global standardization, smoothen the complimentary activity coordination across the borders, spread out the concept of new products and technologies, share best practices effectively and efficiently across subsidiaries. The value of global mindset becomes quite apparent when analyzing how its presence or absence might affect a companys strategy in a rapidly growing foreign market of extremely complex economy where public policy is unpredictable and preference is given to local companies as opposed to foreign. Modifying and reformulating strategies in order to achieve goals in the foreign market may still not be enough for success if there is a lack of understanding of changes in the foreign market and demand and lack of integrative global perspective towards the ongoing events in the foreign market. Awareness of changes in foreign market environments can therefore become a major source for valuing and upholding the global mindset and identifying and addressing its ever-existing challenges. Achieving global mindset occurs through cultivation, as prescribed by cognitive psychology and organization theory, and it is driven by curiosity and commitment to gaining knowledge about the world and its way of operation, by exposure to diversity, by unequivocal formulation of current mindsets, as well as by development of integrated perspective on diversity of standards in cultures and markets. Cultivating curiosity about the world is a reflection of attitudes, an element of individual personality makeup. Although the companies are capable of manipulating with adroitness to further produce curiosity among employees, their greatest freedom still lies on employee selection and in managing the demographic makeup of the companies. Companies cultivate knowledge regarding diverse cultures and markets through facilitating such knowledge at individual levels and through diversifying the company workforce itself which build cognitive diversity inside the mindset of individuals as well as b ring together a diverse knowledge base across the organization members. Formulating current mindset is heavily influenced by the process of interaction between people and the environment which shapes the interpretation of the surrounding world, hence affecting how the mindset changes or remains unchanged. Self-consciousness becomes a necessary and inseparable component when cultivating the current mindset which work best through asking managers to articulate own beliefs about the subject domain, as well as through drawing comparative analysis of how different managers would interpret the same reality. Getting formal education that builds on the awareness of diverse cultures and markets and participating in events and projects in foreign markets, and emerging oneself into more extensive cultural learning programs and trainings are all powerful ways of constructing a global mindset. Diversity is about differences, and humans do not easily negotiate differences. The human brains response to differences is typically arousal, alarm, and sometimes attacks, until such time as the differences are processed by exposure, reason, or mastery (Marsella, 2009, p. 121). The interactions between social diversity markers (i.e. ethnicity, race, age, sex, gender, social class, religion, sexual orientation, physical or mental challenges, physique, etc) as well as between interpersonal and individual differences result in different conditions of acceptability. Differences become the source of problems in cultures and organization; however, diversity encounters occur under problematic perceptions. Leaders across the globe face the ever-increasing cultural challenges during their day-to-day interaction with humans within and outside the organization. In this global era, cultural diversity intelligence, competence, understanding, appreciation and embracement are required of effective global leaders. [Negotiate Diversity Immergance of Conflict (this is on a chart in the article)] Successful leadership of todays increasingly diverse workplace is among the most important global challenges. The problem of managing todays culturally diverse workforce is the unfortunate inability of the leaders and managers to fully comprehend the organizational, cultural, and global dynamics. The global economy has moved diversity to the top of any leaders agenda. There is a reason to believe that cultural issues in leadership should be studied to reveal both differences between cultures and specific within-country practices that would help expatriate leaders succeed. Organizational communication will differ across cultures. Todays global leaders need to recognize such differences. Most of the research on leadership theories has been conducted in English-speaking countries, limiting our knowledge about how culture might influence their validity, particularly in Eastern cultures. During the last decade, interest in cross-cultural leadership has increased dramatically for apparent reasons. Increasing globalization of organizations has made it more critical to learn about effective leadership in different cultures. Influencing and motivating culturally diverse workforce has become an increasing challenge for global leaders or leaders of cultural diversity on local levels. Successful influence requires a broad understanding of cultural differences and motivational factors in each culture. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program has carried on a cross-cultural investigation of leadership and national culture, using data from 825 organizations in 62 countries to identify nine dimensions on which national cultures differ: power distance; individualism versus collectivism; masculinity versus femininity; uncertainty avoidance; long-term versus short-term orientation; and humane versus performance orientation (Robbins and Judge, 2008, p. 125). The GLOBE framework is primarily based on Geert Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Cultures one of the most referenced approaches for analyzing cultural variances since 1970s (p. 124). According to Yukl (2002), the results of the GLOBE research indicate that certain traits, skills, and behaviors are rated highly relevant for effective leaderships in all culture, for example, integrity (honest, trustworthy, just), visionary (has foresight, plans ahead), inspirational (positive, dynamic, encourages, motivates, builds confidence), decisive, diplomatic, achievement-oriented, and team-integrator, whereas some attributes varied widely in relevance across cultures, such as ambitious, cautious, compassionate, domineering, indirect, risk taker, self-sacrificing, sensitive, status conscious, etc. (p. 418). Examining the relationship among societal cultures, situational variables (such as strategy, culture, uncertainty, etc), leadership process, and organizational effectiveness, the GLOBE project has provided significant research results for leadership of cultural diversity in the rapid pace of globalization and economic development. To have a broader understanding of how leadership of cultural diversity and organizational communication with global mindset are applied in real world practices, I have decided to interview three individuals, who hold positions in public, non-profit, and private sectors, as well as to analyze and relate my findings to some leadership and diversity management research. My first interviewee, Miss. Hanying Li from Singapore, had started working in private sector but transitioned to the non-profit sector for most of her career life. She currently serves as senior program officer for Mangroves for the Future, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (AUCN) Asia Regional Office in Bangkok, Thailand. Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is a regional multi-partner initiative on coastal ecosystem rehabilitation and management. Her main responsibilities include program coordination with all stakeholders, including six partner agencies, two donors, eight focal countries, etc., as well as project management (84 small projects and 9 large projects in six countries), and day-to-day running of the regional Secretariat. She has unshakeable knowledge of diversity and enormous amount of professional experiences cross-culturally. She was a valuable asset for my research, as I was trying to particularly learn about cross-cultural leadership in Asian cultures. Wi th her strong background and knowledge of Singaporean culture and workforce, she was able to address the core culture values and beliefs of Singaporeans which facilitated my exploratory study of Hofstedes and Trampenaars cross-cultural dimensions and leadership. Singapore is a major success story. Its solid foundation leaves only the question of how to continue expanding in the face of increasing international competition. To date, however, Singapore has emerged as an urban planners ideal model and the leader and financial center of Southeast Asia. Li believes that leading an organization, motivating the workforce, and assuring organizational success in Singapore require a careful study of cultural values, traditions, and norms, as well as diversity training. In her opinion, not many people from western leading nations have been successful in Asian markets, primarily because of the inability to understand and accept the cultural differences and lead according to those differences. According to Li, Singaporeans treat special groups of people with special respect and courtesy. Honored guests, elders, parents, teachers, bosses and leaders must be treated differently. They strongly value and adhere to a hierarchical relationship in society, as a result of Confucian teaching thinking. They see the society as composed of people who are inherently unequal in rank and standing, and differences in rank are signaled and reinforced by the style of the interaction between the parties involved. Deference, respect and formality towards superiors are the norm. In addition, juniors are supposed to keep their opinions to themselves unless specifically and directly asked. Hence, subordinates in Singapore are unlikely to question authority and are less likely to initiate upward communication unless requested to do so because its culture values the importance of status differences and hierarchies. The complex authority and status relationships characterize Singaporeans as a hier archical culture which parallels with the idea of power distance in Hofstedes study. Luthans (2008) notes that power distance is the degree to which members of a collective expect power to be distributed equally (pg. 432). Singapore has a high rating on power distance which means that large inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture. Li suggests that a societys level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders; furthermore, power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others. In Singapore, people feel less threatened by ambiguous situations, motions are shown less in public, younger people are trustworthy, and people are willing to take risks in life. The authorities are there to serve the citizens. Conflicts and competition can be contained on the level of fair play and are used constructively. Singapore has comparatively low uncertainty avoidance; it has organization settings with less structuring of activities, fewer written rules, less risk taking by managers, higher labor turnover, and more ambitious employees. The Organization encourages personnel to use their own initiative and assume responsibility for their actions. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these. Luthans (2008) defines uncertainty avoidance as the extent a society, organization, or groups rely on norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future ev ents (p. 432). Li mentions that leaders from individualistic cultures might have hard time motivating Singaporean employees if there is no appreciation and respect for employees family members. Tasks are not usually distributed to individuals, but rather to a group. Traditional Asian value of family ties remains paramount to the average Singaporean. Hence, it is not surprising that it is the group rather than the individual that is emphasized in Singaporean society. In Singapore, children are raised to stay within the family. From early infancy on, children are conditioned to be a part of the group and to stay within the group. They are socialized to be dependent on the group, to make decisions that benefit the group, and to make choices for, and in support of, the group. Children are taught to assist and uphold the honor of the group, whether that group is the family, the school, the neighborhood, or the nation. The person who places individual needs ahead of the group needs is considered to be am oral, almost a misfit, or even a social deviant. To sum up, familys moral influences and kinship partners lead Singaporeans to be collectivistic, rather than individualistic. Group collectivism is the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, or cohesiveness in their organizations or families (Luthans, 2008, p. 432). In contrast, individualism is t he tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family. Lastly, towards the end of the interview, Li mentioned about the importance of cross-cultural human-relation intelligence for effective leadership. Some cultures like Singapore are emotionally neutral not showing their feelings in public or organizations, acting stoically, and maintaining their composure which does not necessarily mean disinterest. This notion of emotional intelligence has become increasingly important for culturally diverse leadership environments. Luthans, Youssef, and Avolio (2007) defined emotional intelligence (EI) as the ability to accurately perceive, express, understand, use, and manage emotions in oneself and others in order to facilitate cognitive, emotional, and social growth and development (p. 183). My second interviewee, Mr. Hovep Seferian, is the Vice Consul, Press and Trade Attachà © of the Brazilian Embassy in the Republic of Armenia. Throughout his life and career, he has lived and experienced major cultural differences and challenges in Syria, Lebanon, India, Egypt, France, Brazil, and Armenia. His multicultural experiences have immensely influenced his perspective on cultural differences. As an immigrant especially in India and Lebanon, he underwent major obstacles, hoping to integrate in the system without being discriminated. Life experiences have not only made him a transformational leader, but also a selfless public servant and administrator. Seferian emphasizes the importance of ethical and moral responsibilities public leaders should have when tensions and diversity challenges occur. They are to be perceived honorable in their field before they are trusted with public affairs and business. Once honor is gained by the followers, they are to follow personal morality, as well as professional, organizational, and social ethics. An ethical public leader would not use the position for personal or private gains in a democratic mechanism. Nations are democratic when public officials follow the rule of law to truthfully serve the citizens without selfish ambitions. Personal motivations, value-free neutrality, legitimacy, and social equity may heavily influence on public leaders role in the society and their commitment to ethical conduct in decision making and democratic service. Personal morality is closely related to personal motivations, since personal concerns, such as career advancement, financial security, or private gains, play a significant role in the professional workplace. The public service environment is quite complex, making it difficult to generalize about the nature of public service and identify the way public leaders can best serve the public. The organizational and social ethics hold the public leaders responsible for protecting individuals in the society and furthering the process of the group as a whole. Standards of conduct, formal guidelines for ethical behavior, and other norms have been created to hold public leaders accountable for their actions. Ethics and morality in government sector should be addressed more now than ever before with the emerging diversity challenges the system encounters, Seferian believes. Despite the cultural and diversity challenges, public/government officials have an obligation to be fair and just for all citizens. As representatives of the citizenry, they have the responsibility to bring social justice, equity, and economic efficiency. However, Safarian mentions that in certain countries, like those of the former Soviet Union, it has become increasingly difficult for public administrators to intervene in governmental decision-making and public policy to address diversity and equality issues. Although attempts towards democratization have been made, the cultural and polit